Opening Speech by Minister of Research and Technology, Republic of Indonesia On the First Indonesian-American Kavli Frontiers of Science Symposium

Novotel Bogor, 9-11 July 2011

His Excellency, Special Science Envoy of President Obama, Dr. Bruce Alberts;

His Excellency, US Ambassador to Indonesia, Dr. Scot Marciel;

My colleagues President of Indonesian Science Academy Professor Sangkot Marzuki, the Director General of Higher Educations, Heads of National Research Institutes, University Rectors;

Distinguished guests, US-National Academy of Science Delegation. Indonesian scientists, Ladies and Gentlemen,

Good Evening to all of you.

It is a great pleasure and an honor to me to give a remark in this meeting of the first Indonesian-American Kavli Frontiers of Sciences Symposium. First of all, I would like to welcome all US participants to Indonesia and to this historical city of Bogor.

In this opportunity, I also would like to especially thank Dr. Bruce Albert for the initiation, and US government for the excellent supports in organizing this meeting. This symposium will contribute a great deal to the development of science and technology in Indonesia, and is very relevant and in line with our priority to further promotes science, technology, and innovation.

I also would like to express my appreciation and gratitude to my colleagues from Indonesian Science Academy (AIPI), for the great efforts in organizing this excellent event, which is of great important in facilitating our young scientists with an opportunity to experience a high level world class scientific discussion with their US counterparts. I believe this will lead them to a strong motivation in developing and conducting cutting edge researches.

Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen,

One of the defining marks of humanity is our ability to affect and predict our environment. As we are facing the biggest global challenges of humankind to supply foods, fibers and fuels to our world’s growing population, to combat infectious diseases and to mitigate the impact of climate change, young scientists have even bigger responsibilities to search and solve every emerging need.

Climate change requires substantial modification in how we produce and use our energy and natural resources. The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from the use of energy and our economic activities will need to be realised through technologies based on lower carbon intensity per unit of service than current technologies.

Therefore, I would like to support the topics chosen in this symposium which comprises six topics that include renewable energy, climate change and infectious diseases which are among the very crucial issues we are facing in our live today and in the future.

Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen,

All the challenges require strong scientific research and adequate technological change in all our economic sectors. The question is how can we make sure that our research activities and technological innovation linked to ongoing investment cycles will reflect the urgency of coping with these challenges? That will require significant change in our effort in doing researches and developing technologies.

We understand that pursuing a scientific career, especially for bright and young researchers in a developing country like Indonesia is not easy. It requires a strong motivation, needs a certain discipline and professional commitment among many other urgent issues that asking for attention. However, I believe that Indonesian young scientists are as resourceful and passionate about their work and certainly as creative and innovative as their colleagues from abroad.

Especially, in the era of global information today, the world is quite flat. A young student here in Bogor can have equal opportunity as anywhere in the globe to access to the global knowledge needed to pursue his or her scientific career. What is needed is communication, networking and collaboration, to close the knowledge gap and to brigde the information devide, which becomes quite more ordinary today than in the past, thank to the global information and communication technology.

Therefore, this kind of scientific event is essential to our scientists in providing opportunity to communicate with their colleagues from abroad to establish networking and to build a strong collaboration.

Ladies and Gentlemen,

In order to come up with verified scientific solutions for each challenge faced by our society, a continuous endeavor in researches for science and technology development is crucial. In this regards, the linkage and networking between the knowledge development and the effort of utilization are greatly important. If the science and technology generated through researches is not used, the effort will not sustain. Solutions come from innovation, and what is not utilized is not innovation, and thus gives no solution.

Our Ministry of Research and Technology has focused its program on improving the science and technology utilization by the society through the effort of bridging the knowledge gap between the universities and R&D agencies and the industries and the society to promote development of science-technology and product cycles.

I hope this symposium, which is attended by our future leaders in science from both of our countries, not only to discuss the cutting-edge researches but also to exchange brilliant ideas in resolving many problems faced by humanity. I believe our strong partnership between US and Indonesia will generate magnificent benefit not only to Indonesia and US, but also to the world society as a whole, to solve the greatest challenges ever faced by the humankind.

Lastly, in addition to having a fruitful discussion, please do not forget to also enjoy this momentum of visit, to have a good sightseeing around Bogor and other part of Indonesia.

Closing my remarks, I would like to declare that this Symposium is formally opened.

Thank you, and have a good evening.

Suharna Surapranata

Nanoteknologi

Nanoteknologi

Membiasakan diri bekerja dan berpikir dalam kondisi “terganggu” sehingga walaupun kita mendengar rengekan dan tangisan anak atau sambil diajak bermain oleh anak, kita tetap dapat berpikir dan bekerja. Awalnya ini sangat sulit terutama bagi pekerjaan yang menuntut banyak pemikiran. Namun usaha terus-menerus membuat kita dapat bekerja dan berpikir dalam suasana apa pun.

~Dr.Eng. Mikrajuddin Abdullah, M.Si.~

(Ahli Fisika Nanoteknologi ITB)

Nanoelectronics refer to the use of nanotechnology on electronic components, especially transistors. Although the term nanotechnology is generally defined as utilizing technology less than 100 nm in size, nanoelectronics often refer to transistor devices that are so small that inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties need to be studied extensively. As a result, present transistors do not fall under this category, even though these devices are manufactured with 45 nm or 32 nm technology.

Nanoelectronics are sometimes considered as disruptive technology because present candidates are significantly different from traditional transistors. Some of these candidates include: hybrid molecular/semiconductor electronics, one dimensional nanotubes/nanowires, or advanced molecular electronics.

Although all of these hold promise for the future, they are still under development and will most likely not be used for manufacturing any time soon.

Part of a series of articles on Nanoelectronics

Single-molecule electronics

Molecular electronics Molecular logic gate Molecular wires

Solid state nanoelectronics

Nanocircuitry Nanowires Nanolithography NEMS Nanosensor

Related approaches

Nanoionics Nanophotonics Nanomechanics

See also Nanotechnology v • d • e

Contents 1 Fundamental concepts 2 Approaches to nanoelectronics 2.1 Nanofabrication 2.2 Nanomaterials electronics 2.3 Molecular electronics 2.4 Other approaches 3 Nanoelectronic devices 3.1 Radios 3.2 Computers 3.3 Energy production 3.4 Medical diagnostics 4 Further reading 5 References 6 External references

Fundamental concepts

The volume of an object decreases as the third power of its linear dimensions, but the surface area only decreases as its second power. This somewhat subtle and unavoidable principle has huge ramifications. For example the power of a drill (or any other machine) is proportional to the volume, while the friction of the drill's bearings and gears is proportional to their surface area. For a normal-sized drill, the power of the device is enough to handily overcome any friction. However, scaling its length down by a factor of 1000, for example, decreases its power by 1000³ (a factor of a billion) while reducing the friction by only 1000² (a factor of "only" a million). Proportionally it has 1000 times less power per unit friction than the original drill. If the original friction-to-power ratio was, say, 1%, that implies the smaller drill will have 10 times as much friction as power. The drill is useless.

For this reason, while super-miniature electronic integrated circuits are fully functional, the same technology cannot be used to make working mechanical devices beyond the scales where frictional forces start to exceed the available power. So even though you may see microphotographs of delicately etched silicon gears, such devices are currently little more than curiosities with limited real world applications, for example, in moving mirrors and shutters ^[1]. Surface tension increases in much the same way, thus magnifying the tendency for very small objects to stick together. This could possibly make any kind of "micro factory" impractical: even if robotic arms and hands could be scaled down, anything they pick up will tend to be impossible to put down. The above being said, molecular evolution has resulted in working cilia, flagella, muscle fibers and rotary motors in aqueous environments, all on the nanoscale. These machines exploit the increased frictional forces found at the micro or nanoscale. Unlike a paddle or a propeller which depends on normal frictional forces (the frictional forces perpendicular to the surface) to achieve propulsion, cilia develop motion from the exaggerated drag or laminar forces (frictional forces parallel to the surface) present at micro and nano dimensions. To build meaningful "machines" at the nanoscale, the relevant forces need to be considered. We are faced with the development and design of intrinsically pertinent machines rather than the simple reproductions of macroscopic ones.

All scaling issues therefore need to be assessed thoroughly when evaluating nanotechnology for practical applications.

Nuklir Indonesia

Masyarakat Nuklir Indonesia

Indonesian Nuclear Society

The Indonesian Nuclear Society was launched in the mid-1960s,

(when first reactor in Indonesia launched [Triga Mark II at Bandung] a time of growing interest in employing peaceful applications of nuclear science and technology for bettering the lives of people in the Indonesian and around the world.

Diaktifkan kembali karena kebutuhannya untuk memenuhi tantangan sekarang dan di masa depan khususnya penyediaan energi dan pemanfaatan ilmu seta teknologi Nuklir untuk Perdamaian

Visi

Pendukung dan Pengembang Program IPTEK Nuklir untuk Perdamaian di Indonesia

18 Reaktor Nuklir Indonesia tahun 2040

Tersedianya sarana pendamping disetiap reaktor

1. Pusat Pendidikan dan Latihan

2. Pusat Inovasi, Penelitian dan Pengembangan

Misi

1. Wahana Edukasi masyarakat mengenai IPTEK Nuklir

2. Sarana penampung aspirasi masyarakat mengenai IPTEK Nuklir

Program

1. Pertemuan Rutin Pertahun

2. Publikasi dan Edukasi Masyarakat

Fokus

5 Tahun Pertama

(2010-2015)

5 Tahun Kedua

(2015-2020)

5 Tahun Ketiga

(2020-2025)

5 Tahun Keempat

(2025-2030)

5 Tahun Kelima

(2030-2035)

5 Tahun Keenam

(2035-2040)

KESEHATAN & OBAT-OBATAN

In nuclear medicine procedures, elemental radionuclides are combined with other elements to form chemical compounds, or else combined with existingpharmaceutical compounds, to form radiopharmaceuticals. These radiopharmaceuticals, once administered to the patient, can localize to specific organs or cellular receptors. This property of radiopharmaceuticals allows nuclear medicine the ability to image the extent of a disease-process in the body, based on the cellular function and physiology, rather than relying on physical changes in the tissue anatomy. In some diseases nuclear medicine studies can identify medical problems at an earlier stage than other diagnostic tests.

Treatment of diseased tissue, based on metabolism or uptake or binding of a particular ligand, may also be accomplished, similar to other areas of pharmacology. However, the treatment effects of radiopharmaceuticals rely on the tissue-destructive power of short-range ionizing radiation.

In the future, nuclear medicine may provide added impetus to the field known as molecular medicine. As our understanding of biological processes in the cells of living organism expands, specific probes can be developed to allow visualization, characterization, and quantification of biologic processes at the cellular and subcellular levels.^[1] Nuclear medicine is an ideal specialty to adapt to the new discipline of molecular medicine, because of its emphasis on function and its utilization of imaging agents that are specific for a particular disease process.

1 Diagnostic medical imaging 1.1 Diagnostic 1.2 Hybrid scanning techniques 1.3 Practical concerns in nuclear imaging 1.4 Analysis 2 Interventional nuclear medicine 3 History 4 Source of radionuclides, with notes on a few radiopharmaceuticals 5 Radiation dose 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Further reading 9 External links List of Radiopharmaceuticals Tabel Bermacam Radiofarmaka
Radiopharmaceutical Kits Kit Radiofarmaka	Application Kegunaan
MIBI Kit Kit MIBI	Myocardial perfusion diagnosis Diagnosis perfusi darah jantung
MAG-3 Kit Kit MAG-3	Kidney filtration diagnosis Diagnosis fungsi filtrasi ginjal
HMPAO Kit Kit HMPAO	Celebral blood flow diagnosis Diagnosis perfusi darah otak
HYNIC-UBI Kit Kit HYNIC-UBI	Cancer diagnosis Diagnosis kanker
HYNIC-TOC Kit Kit HYNIC-TOC	Infection diagnosis Diagnosis infeksi
153Sm-EDTMP Solution Larutan 153SM-EDTMP	Bone cancer palliative theraphy Terapi paliatif kanker tulang
153Sm-particulates 153SM-partikulat	Theraphy for rheumatoid arthritis Terapi rheumatois arthritis
131I-MIBG 131I-MIBG	Theraphy for neuroblastoma Terapi neuroblastoma
131I-LipidolSolution 131LarutanI-Lipidol	Hepatoma therapy Terapi hepatoma
186Re-HEDPSolution Larutan 186Re-HEDP	Bone cancer palliative therapy Terapi paliatif kanker tulang
RIA Kit Hepatitis B Ki RIA Hepatiti B	Hepatitis B, HbsAg and anti Hbs detection Deteksi Hepatitis B, HbsAG dan Anti HBS
RIA Kit Hepatitis C Kit RIA Hepatitis C	Hepatitis C detection Deteksi Hepatitis C
RIA KitT3, T4, TSH Kit RIA T3, T4, TSH	Thyroid function detection Deteksi fungsi tiroid
RIA Kit Mikro albuminuria Kit RIA Mikro albuminuria	Heart failure early detection Deteksi dini kegagalan hati
RIA Kit Progesteron Kit RIA Progesteron	cattle fertility detection Deteksi kesuburan
IRMA Kit AFP & CEA Kit IRMA AFP & CEA	Diagnosis for tumor of the breast and digestive tract Diagnosis tumor payudara dan saluran pencernaan

Further reading

• Mas JC: A Patient's Guide to Nuclear Medicine Procedures: English-Spanish. Society of Nuclear Medicine, 2008. ISBN 978-0972647892
• Taylor A, Schuster DM, Naomi Alazraki N: A Clinicians' Guide to Nuclear Medicine, 2nd edition. Society of Nuclear Medicine, 2000. ISBN 978-0932004727
• Mark J. Shumate MJ, Kooby DA, Alazraki NP: A Clinician's Guide to Nuclear Oncology: Practical Molecular Imaging and Radionuclide Therapies. Society of Nuclear Medicine, January 2007. ISBN 978-0972647885
• Ell P, Gambhir S: Nuclear Medicine in Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment. Churchill Livingstone, 2004. (1950 pages) ISBN 978-0443073120